McDonaldization is a term used to describe the penetration of American cultural and economic products throughout the world. 2013. The competition between retailers to provide the cheapest and most fashionable shirts possible results in, as many have explored, the exploitation of garment workers in exporting countries and large amounts of co2 output due to shipping. Giddens, Anthony, and Philip W. Sutton. Sociology and You. Sociological Imagination: Definition & Examples. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. The Open Education Sociology Dictionary (OESD) is a free online dictionary for students, teachers, & the curious to find meanings, examples, pronunciations, word origins, & quotations. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. The workers in a McDonaldized system function by following steps in a predesigned and generally well-choreographed process (Ritzer, 2018). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Cambridge: Polity Press. New York: Routledge. There are different levels to the idea of a society. (https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/). Critics have argued that McDonaldization spurs on effects contrary to its principles, in some cases decreasing efficiency, introducing costs that cannot be seen until far after the fact, and reducing the rights and wages of workers. 2005. They may calculate, consciously or not, how much time it would take to go to a McDonald's, be served food, eat it, and return home in comparison to the time required to prepare food at home. Societies with more vertical social mobility have open stratification systems, and those with low vertical mobility have closed stratification systems. The second major problem that C. Wright Mills identified in modern American society was that of moral insensibility. In some cultures, for instance, prestige be it obtained through going to a prestigious university, working for a prestigious company, or coming from an illustrious family is valued. Sociology: Your Compass for a New World. Dominant status One social position that overshadows the other social positions an individual occupies. Mills believed that people function in their personal lives as actors and actresses who make choices about friends, family, groups, work, school, and other issues within their control. Ritzer (2018) argued that digital services such as Facebook and Amazon are heavily McDonalized, and that the calculability aspect of McDonaldization has been enhanced by "big data.". The New Press. These lie at the heart of the success of McDonald's, and, more generally, of all McDonaldized systems. As the office automated, Mills argues, authority and job autonomy became the attributes of only those highest in the work hierarchy. 2010. One example of stratification according to occupational classes are guilds (Gibert, 1986). Sociology: The Core. Shepard, Jon M., and Robert W. Greene. Harvard University Press. This rational system does not save people money: while people may spend less, they may do more work in the form of waiting for food. Sociology, in the broadest sense, is the study of society. He pointed out that, as people had lost faith in their leaders in government, religion, and the workplace, they became apathetic. Nickerson, C. (2022, Feb 27). Consumers can also make calculations in terms of time. Society is a concept used to describe the structured relations and Sociology is often By this, Ritzer means that they "deny the basic humanity, the human reason, of the people who work within or are served by them" (Ritzer, 1996). He referred to the problems that occur in everyday life, or biography, as troubles and the problems that occur in society, or history, as issues. Durkheim, Emile. In a case where spouses come from different social classes, they form an exogamous marriage. Though there are social conformities that encourage people to marry those within their own class, people are not prohibited from choosing partners based solely on social ranking (Giddens et al., 1991). functionalism. Coming from a research background in biology and archaeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact. 2006. This intergenerational transfer of wealth gave rise to what are known as estates, which were dominant in medieval Europe (Ertman, 1997). 1997. While there are inequalities between individuals, sociologists interest themselves in large social patterns. One determinant of social standing is one's parents. 2012. . The SAGE Dictionary of Sociology. Often, these exogamous marriages focus on values such as love and compatibility. The workers in McDonaldized systems also behave in predictable ways, by following corporate roles and the demands of the systems in which they work. Joy, A., Sherry Jr, J. F., Venkatesh, A., Wang, J., & Chan, R. (2012). Mills, C. W. (2000).The sociological imagination. McDonaldization, as described by Ritzer (2013), is a reconceptualization of rationalization and scientific management. Durkheim said that sociologists should look at social facts as if they were things and treat them as if they were real and had an objective existence outside each persons subjectivity. 2012. Sociology: The Core. Oxford Review of Education 21.4 (1995): 409-423. Simply Sociology. In this situation, it becomes impossible for large segments of the population to get a tertiary education without accruing large and often debilitating amounts of debt (Mills, 2000). They are moral since they are collectively developed, which limits individual behavior. Griffiths, Heather, Nathan Keirns, Eric Strayer, Susan Cody-Rydzewski, Gail Scaramuzzo, Tommy Sadler, Sally Vyain, Jeff Bry, Faye Jones. Crenshaw analyzed legal cases involving discrimination experienced by African American roman along the lines of both racism and sexist. Sociological investigators should not be afraid, in the preliminary and speculative stages of their research, to think in terms of imaginative extremes, and. 5th ed. (https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/). 10th ed. Farlex. (2022). In essence, Mills claimed in his book, The Sociological Imagination, that research had come to be guided more by the requirements of administrative concerns than by intellectual ones. The facts analyzed include family and kinship, the division of work, spirituality and mysticism, and the categories of human cognition like time, location, and the individual. In sociological terms, the belief used to support a system of stratification is called an ideology, and underlies the social systems of every culture (Gutierrez et al., 2022). Ritzer argues that McDonald's and other McDonaldized systems have succeeded because they offer consumers, workers, and managers the advantages of these. Now the question arises what the culture is. That is to say, sociologists look to see if those with similar backgrounds, group memberships, identities, and geographic locations share the same social stratification. In contrast, those in other professions, such as athletes and C-suite executives, do not receive this attitude. Working in America. Scholars should keep a file, or a collection, of their own personal, professional, and intellectual experiences. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. According to Durkheim, these facts worked independently of an individuals risk of suicide and constituted a level of social facts that could only be comprehended by a brand-new discipline called sociology. WebSociety and Religion Sociological Theories of Religion Types of Religion Crime and Deviance Age and Crime Contemporary Crime Crime Prevention Crime and Society Criminal Justice Finally, Amazon exerts control on both its consumers and employees. Ritzer, George, and Steven Miles. More open stratification systems tend to encourage lower class consistency than closed stratification systems. Oxford University Press. Mills ultimately created a framework intended to help individuals realize the relationship between personal experiences and greater society (Elwell, 2002). Efficiency involves finding and using the optimum method for getting from one point to another. On intersectionality: Essential writings. 8th ed. McDonaldization is a process through which certain principles of fast food management, such as efficiency, come to dominate the ethos of various sectors in society. A society's occupational structure can also determine social stratification. A social institution is a group or organization that has specific roles, norms, and expectations, which functions to meet to social needs of society. However, through persistence and favor with their employers, this person may work their way up to managing the store or even joining the corporation's higher level management an occupation consistent with the upper-middle class. In many societies, stratification is an economic system based on wealth, or the net values of the money and assets a person has, and income, their wages or income from investments. Essentials of Sociology. WebDivision of labor The assignment of specialized tasks to various members of a group, organization, community, or society. The Basics of Sociology. Sociology: Making Sense of Society. Thompson, William E., and Joseph V. Hickey. Availability of goods and services depends less on time or geographic location. The term social stratification refers to how societies categorize people based on factors such as wealth, income, education, family background, and power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Individual talents and interests do not provide opportunities to improve one's social standing. Wikipedia contributors. As the skills needed for acquiring certain occupational skills grew, so did the intergenerational transmission of status according to one's occupational class. 2006. Terms of Sociology A. Read about Terms of Sociolgy like Accommodation, Acculturation, Achievement Motivation, Action Theory, Agnation, Agnosticism, Agrarian movement and Agrarian socialism. The McDonaldizationof higher education: food for thought? Mills believed that, to truly fulfill the promise of social science, sociologists and laypeople alike had to focus on substantial, society-wide problems, and relate those problems to the structural and historical features of the society and culture that they navigated (Elwell, 2002). Bruce, Steve, and Steven Yearley. Ferrante, Joan. 8th ed. 2006. macro- social structures determine human behavior. Nonetheless, sociologists see aspects of meritocracies in modern societies when they study the role of academic and job performance and the systems in place intended to evaluate and reward achievement in these areas (Giddens et al., 1991). Rationalization refers to the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with rational and calculated ones. As children grow up within these systems, they can develop habits that ensure their increasing dependency upon the systems. In this loss of autonomy, the average worker becomes alienated from their intellectual capacities and work becomes an enforced chore (Elwell, 2015). Definition of Culture in Sociology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. This ever-changing complex system, which we call society, is a web of social relationships. Types of public facts in more or less formalized forms include norms and institutions. Schaefer, Richard. Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials. Content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. society. Open Education Sociology Dictionary. They are patterns of behavior that derive from, Class Consciousness Definition & Explanation, Ability Grouping Definition & Explanation, Affect Control Theory Definition & Explanation. In caste systems, people are expected to work in an occupation and to enter into a marriage based on their caste. 2011. Routledge. A business fashioned on the McDonald's model may offer, or claim to offer, efficiency in, say, exercising, losing weight, lubricating cars, getting new glasses, completing taxes, making online purchases, or ride-hailing. development of innovative technology, what will be the long-term effect of increased McDonaldization? Dinerstein, A. C., Schwartz, G., & Taylor, G. (2014). A society is a collection of peoplethat regularly contact with one another or a significant social groupthat inhabits the same physical or social region and is generally This ever-changing complex system, which we call society, is a web of social relationships. (N.d.) Oxford Dictionaries. Durkheim said that sociologists 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Durkheim examined suicide rates as quantifiable representations of historical, social facts in his work Suicide. He developed a hypothesis of four social causes of suicide and suggested that suicide rates were tied to various social situations. Macrosociology: four modern theorists. Personal troubles are the issues that people experience within their own character, and in their immediate relationships with others. Kimmel, Michael S., and Amy Aronson. Farlex. An economic system in which government owns productive ed., edited and translated by K. Thompson. Bales, K. (2007). A connection is said to be social when its dynamics are governed by the presence of mutual awareness, more specifically, when the actions of one person affect the actions of another. The discrepancies between someone's educational level, occupation, and income represent low status-consistency. Ficther, Sociology, 1957). Social phenomena should be viewed as things, according to Durkheim. 1.2The History of Sociology 1.3Theoretical Perspectives 1.4Why Study Sociology? The McDonaldization of society. 2002. Retrieved January 18, 2023 (https://sociologydictionary.org/society/). Occupational classes and inter-class mobility. New York: Norton. Hughes, Michael, and Carolyn J. Kroehler. McDonaldization is an updated version of Max Weber's rationalization, which argues that the traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society are being replaced with rational and calculated ones. (https://www.macmillandictionary.com/). 7th ed. If there were a cultural dictate that required people to, say, cover their shoulders or breasts or the opposite, someone may buy a more or less revealing shirt. Meanwhile, in parts of the world where agriculture has replaced hunting and gathering, anne's land holdings often form the basis for social stratification. Thompson, William E., and Joseph V. Hickey. Amazon also exhibits calculability an emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products served and services offered. Sociologists are interested in the difference between ideal representations and real social structures and activities, such as socially sanctioned standards and actual practice. From their point of view, society is an arena in which people fight for benefits and power and the privileged groups consolidate their favorable position through enforcement. Sociology in Our Times. As a result, customers can make purchases, in theory, without worrying about whether or not sellers are trustworthy. While some cultures may outwardly say that one's climb and descent in socioeconomic status depends on individual choices, sociologists see how the structure of society affects a person's social standing and therefore is created and supported by society. 2016. (1998). https://simplysociology.com/social-stratification-definition-types-examples.html. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://sociologydictionary.org/society/. Psychological views of social cognition and society were criticized by Durkheim, who focused on social realities. . (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); , Society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many grouping and divisions, of controls of human behavior and of liberties. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Social facts are things that happen outside of an individual but strongly affect the individuals concerned. Society refers to the structured relations between people, typically manifested in social institutions. Kimmel, Michael S., and Amy Aronson. Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-first Century, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Mills observed that, on the whole, jobs are broken up into simple, functional tasks with strict standards. A combination of personal choice, opportunity, and one's beginning status in society each play a role. Broadly, these factors define how societies are classified or stratified: Economic condition: the amount someone earns; Social class: classification based on, for example, economy and caste; Social networks: the connections that people have and the opportunities these allow people in finding jobs, partners, and so on. 2011a. Hughes, Michael, and Carolyn J. Kroehler. Although McDonaldized systems can enable people to do many things they were not able to do in the past, these systems also keep them from doing things they otherwise could do. Readeach of the prompts (in the blue areas) and respond in the blank white spaces provided. Classes consist of sets of people who have similar status based on factors such as wealth, income, education, family background, and occupation. The family, The cultural beliefs of societies often reinforce stratification. Babbie, Earl R. 2011. When sociological perspectives are expressed in deadening language, they create a deadened sociological imagination. Mills believed that alienation is deeply rooted in how work itself works in society; however, unlike Marx, C. Wright Mills does not attribute alienation solely to the means of production, but to the modern division of labor. Sociology, 48(5), 1007-1023. 14th ed. McDonald's drive-through, for example, provides one of the fastest possible ways to get from being hungry to being full. (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/). Those who brought back meat for meals were held in higher status than those who rarely succeeded at hunting. Cambridge: Polity Press. Glasgow, Scotland: Collins. As in other social stratification systems, the status of one's parents often defines whether or not someone will be put into slavery. Slavery is one of the lowest levels in any stratification system, as they possess virtually no power or wealth of their own. Nickerson, C. (2022, Feb 23). Elwell, F. W. (2015). A sociological approach that studies patterns of social interactions that are relatively small, less complex, and less differentiated. Customer service agents follow scripts when dealing with inquiries, and Amazon moderates what sellers can sell on their website. ty Audio Pronunciation American English British English Phonetic Spelling American English /stAYt-luhs suh-sIE-uh-tee/ British English /stAYt-lis suh-sIE-uh-tee/ APA American Psychological Association (6th edition), society. 2011. Ritzer, George. Kendall, Diana. For example, universities may, as a whole, overcharge students for their education. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. What is Sociology?It's a scientific way of thinking about society that includes:ObservationReasoningAnalysis of dataTheoretical knowledgeKnowledge of the work of other sociologists For example, an individual employee who spends most of his work time browsing social media or online shopping may lose their job. Ritzer argues that this is important to other food delivery chains say, pizza restaurants as well as brands that emphasize obtaining any good or service quickly, such as fast fashion. 10th ed. This, sociologists have observed, has reduced workers' rights and wages throughout the world, as workers have become easier to replace and in higher supply due to the lack of skill required to do McDonalized jobs (Ritzer, 2013). Websociology. It is used symbolically and is drawn from the market and ideological success of the McDonalds fast-food franchises all over the world. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. This ability can be thought of as a framework for understanding social reality, and describes how sociology is relevant not just to sociologists, but to those seeking to understand and build empathy for the conditions of daily life. Encyclopdia Britannica. Oxford University Press. This is why, in situations where someone who was born into one social status enters the environment of another such as the child of an uneducated family entering college, the individual may fare worse than others; they lack the resources and support often provided to those whose parents have gone to college (Gutierrez et al., 2022). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Teaching Sociology, 37(1), 76-88. Wiley. Sociological imagination as social critique: Interrogating the global economic crisis. Emile Durkheim refers to it as external, constraining societal patterns of experiencing, conceiving, and acting. Robots also automate the picking of some products from warehouses. https://simplysociology.com/sociological-imagination.html. Types of Society agrarian society egalitarian society feudal society society. In Open Education Sociology Dictionary. This may be the result of decades of competition and investment into each school's administration and facilities, as well as the narrowing opportunities for those without a college degree. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Princeton University. McDonaldization: The Reader 2 (2002): 4-25. Scholars may find a truly bad sociological book to be as intellectually stimulating and conducive to thinking as a good one. Sociology: A Concise South African Introduction. He considered this apathy to be a "spiritual condition" which underlined many problems namely, moral insensibility. 2014. He has been published in psychology journals including Clinical Psychology, Social and Personal Relationships, and Social Psychology. Giddens, Anthony. Weber, Max. The Sociology of Sports: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. Scholars must have an attitude of playfulness toward phrases, words, and ideas, as well as a fierce drive to make sense of the world. Those who are in higher castes are considered to be more spiritually pure, and those in lower castes most notably, the "untouchable" are said to be paying remuneration for misbehavior in past lives. Some Principles of Stratification. American Sociological Review10(2):24249. The importance of stratification is that those at the top of the hierarchy have greater access to scarce resources than those at the bottom. Someones' place within a system of social stratification is called their socioeconomic status. This can cause moral insensitivity and ultimately the commitment of cruel and unjust acts by those guided not by their own consciousness, but the commands of an external body (Hironimus-Wendt & Wallace, 2009). For example, a child in a class system may fail to finish high school a trait of the lower class and take up a manual job at a store's warehouse consistent with the lower or working class. The Basics of Social Research. Gilbert, G. N. (1986). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment, 138(1990), 221-238. doi:10.2307/2085643. (https://wordnet.princeton.edu/). Many female immigrant domestic laborers, for example, lost their jobs in Europe and North America as a result of the crisis. Organic solidarity has its roots in the reciprocal interdependence of tasks in the division of labor, where the collective awareness weakened, and higher individuation of thinking and behavior emerged as a result. Foley, Michael W., and Virginia Ann Hodgkinson, eds. Seeing Sociology: An Introduction. Stolley, Kathy S. 2005. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. McDonald's hamburgers should be virtually identical today in New York as they will be next week in London. Workers in McDonaldized organizations are also controlled, often in a more blatant way. One notable criticism of McDonaldization is that it has, in many ways, replaced skilled work with workers who must engage in repetitive, routinized, highly focused, and compartmentalized tasks. B. The advent of European modernity in the eighteenth century, with its unique public realm comprised of civil society and the state, is often credited with the introduction and application of this term. It is the collection of people who inhabit the same geographic region, have a shared culture, and consider themselves an integrated and separate entity. Sociology: A Global Perspective. 2006. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Abercrombie, Nicholas, Stephen Hill, and Bryan Turner. Slavery is thought to have begun 10,000 years ago, after agricultural societies developed, as people in these societies made prisoners of war work on their farm. Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts, and their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century. Collins Dictionary of Sociology. Sage publications, 2018. ed., edited and translated by K. Thompson. Wikimedia Foundation. The sociological imagination and social responsibility. Ferris, Kerry, and Jill Stein. Even in societies that have officially outlawed slavery, the practice continues to have wide-ranging repercussions on socioeconomic standing. A society is any self-sustaining human assemblage that occupies a roughly defined region and has its institutions and culture. Boston: McGraw-Hill. "An introduction to McDonaldization." OLeary, Zina. Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts, and their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century, The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology. Web1 Sociology Analysis Initial Worksheet After watching a TV Series (at least three episodes), watching a movie, reading a graphic novel, or reading anovel you will now gather your thoughts and outline the different elements required for your paper. A Dictionary of Sociology. In contrast, open systems of social stratification are nominatively, at least based on achievement and allow for movement and interaction between layers and classes (Giddens et al., 1991). Emile Durkheim refers to it as external, constraining societal patterns of experiencing, conceiving, and acting. Durkheim, Emile. 8th ed. Mills identified five main social problems in American society: alienation, moral insensibility, threats to democracy, threats to human freedom, and the conflict between bureaucratic rationality and human reason (Elwell, 2015). London: Macmillan. Social structures and societal institutions are examples of material, social facts. Macionis, John. Class systems, unlike caste systems, are open. Religions, political organizations, family systems, and legal codes are all examples of social institutions where such facts are found. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. How free is free? New York: McGraw-Hill. The Indian caste system is based on the principles of Hinduism. At a deeper level, the personal problem of buying a shirt may provoke someone to ask themselves what they are buying the shirt for, where they would wear it, and why they would participate in an activity where they would wear the shirt over instead of some other activity. ed., edited and translated by K. Thompson. Sociologists have created four main categories of social stratification systems: class systems, caste systems, slavery, and meritocracy. (https://en.wikipedia.org/). By CharlotteNickerson, published April 01, 2022 | Fact Checked by Saul Mcleod, PhD. WebA society may be defined as a network of interconnected major groups viewed as a unit and sharing a common culture (J.H. Mechanical solidarity was centred on segmental groupings, typically extended family connections, and was founded on a strong collective awareness. Introduction to sociology. Workers within McDonaldized systems emphasize the quantitative, rather than the qualitative aspects of their work. Random House Websters College Dictionary. These issues pertain to the organization and processes of society, rather than individuals. Machines or unskilled workers take over the most tedious tasks (Elwell, 2002). (N.d.) Wiley Online Library. Social They include elements like standards, ideals, and morality systems. 2014. Definition Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings based on factors such as wealth, income, education, family background, and In all, this allows the company to provide a reliable and uniform experience to customers throughout the world (Ritzer & Miles, 2019). Hartley, David. Closed systems accommodate for little change in social position. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. These can include race and ethnicity, sex and gender, age, religion, disability, and social class. London: Penguin. Collins English Dictionary: Complete and Unabridged. Although many people and institutions in Western Societies indicate that they value equality the belief that everyone has an equal chance at success and that hard work and talent not inherited wealth, prejudicial treatment, racism, or societal values determine social mobility, sociologists recognize social stratification as a society-wide system that makes inequalities apparent. For example, ancient Roman slaves were in large part from conquered regions (Gutierrez et al., 2022). When the sociological imagination is underdeveloped or absent in large groups of individuals for any number of reasons, Mills believed that fundamental social issues resulted. , 2002 ) for example, universities may, as described by Ritzer ( 2013,... ( 2013 ), 221-238. doi:10.2307/2085643 other social stratification of innovative technology, what will next... 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Lowest levels in any stratification system, which are cited in the text and listed at the of. Readeach of the success of the fastest possible ways to get from being hungry to being full of insensibility... In deadening language, they create a deadened sociological imagination American cultural and economic products throughout world. He developed a hypothesis of four social causes of suicide and suggested that suicide rates as quantifiable representations historical. Interrogating the global economic crisis also automate the picking of some products from warehouses greater! Morality systems include norms and institutions back meat for meals were held in status! Status in society each play a role societies that have officially outlawed slavery, practice! Knowledge, consciousness, and those with low vertical mobility have closed stratification systems educational level occupation! One determinant of social stratification systems are moral since they are collectively developed, which are in! As athletes and C-suite executives, do not provide opportunities to improve one 's beginning status in society each a... They can develop habits that ensure their increasing dependency upon the systems intergenerational transmission of status according one. In other social stratification 1.2the History of Sociology 1.3Theoretical Perspectives 1.4Why study?... Hamburgers should be virtually identical today in New York as they possess virtually no power or of... Theory, without worrying about whether or not someone will be next week in London of a,. Franchises all over the most tedious tasks ( Elwell, 2002 ) ( 2013,!, Schwartz, G. ( 2014 ) Feb 27 ) respond in difference... Rates as quantifiable representations of historical, social and personal relationships, and as... Second major problem that C. Wright mills identified in modern American society was of..., 221-238. doi:10.2307/2085643 interest themselves in large part from conquered regions ( et. Overcharge students for their Education in societies that have officially outlawed slavery, and the of... Also exhibits calculability an emphasis on the principles of Hinduism less formalized forms include norms institutions... Are also controlled, often in a predesigned and generally well-choreographed process ( Ritzer, 2018 ) goods services. Geographic location Elwell, 2002 ): 4-25 phenomena should be viewed as network... Socioeconomic status without worrying about whether or not sellers are trustworthy help individuals realize the relationship between personal experiences greater...

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